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Case Study Building A Policy Briefing - 1699 Words

ASSIGNMENT3: BUILDING A POLICY BRIEFING Stephana PEA Prof. Aaron Watches May 8, 2016 Submitted on April 11, 2016 University of Baltimore- Spring Quarter 2016 What can the Baltimore government/policy makers do about homeless in Baltimore? The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the policy and actions that can be taken to end the homelessness issue. Homeless is a serious multi-faceted issue that requires the involvement of many agencies, policymakers, governments and faith-organizations. Having no home is a miserable experience, causing health problems, exacerbating existing health problems, and complicating treatment. It is so difficult to find a safe place to stay, obtain enough food, keep clean, and stay out of the way of the police and even sleeping on the streets, on people’s sofa and in doorways, Baltimore’s homeless population has been increased in recent years. There are several answers to this issue, and its depend on the individual’s matters. One of the solutions to end homelessness in Baltimore city is housing, trying to re-housing the homeless people in a safe environment. Second, ending poverty, next another solution to homelessness is guaranteeing that everybody has the health and c onfirmatory services that they need to stay housed. For individuals who are mentally sick or physically disabled. It is often the case that overburdened family members cannot or do not wish to care for them. This reduces their options to abandoned buildings orShow MoreRelatedThe Employees After A Downsizing Case Study Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pages Case Study Description The reenergizing employees after a downsizing case study, explains the potential effects of downsizing a company, on both employees and the manager. Andrea Zuckerman is the editor in chief of Blaze and the person who must relay the message to the entire company. It is made clear throughout the case that Andrea does not agree with this downsizing and feels that it is wrong. 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Has Gallo Proven The Role Of Hiv In Aids Essay Example For Students

Has Gallo Proven The Role Of Hiv In Aids? Essay Introduction In 1982, Robert Gallo from the National Cancer Institute in the USA, put forward the hypothesis that the cause of AIDS is a retrovirus. One year later, Myron Essex and his colleagues (1) found that AIDS patients had antibodies to the Human T-cell Leukemia virus Type-1 (HTLV-I), a virus discovered by Gallo a few years earlier. At the same time, Gallo and his colleagues (2) reported the isolation of HTLV-I from AIDS patients and advocated a role for this retrovirus in the pathogenesis of AIDS. This hypothesis however, was not without a few problems: 1. While HTLV-I was accepted to induce T4-cell proliferation and cause adult T-cell leukaemia,(3) the hallmark of AIDS was T4-cell depletion, and the incidence of leukaemia in AIDS patients was no higher than in the general population; 2. The highest frequency of antibodies to this virus was found in Japan, yet no AIDS cases had been reported from that country;(4) 3. In the same month in which Gallos and Essexs groups reported their data, Luc Montagnier and his colleagues from the Pasteur Institute, described the isolation of a retrovirus, later known as Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV), from the lymph nodes of a homosexual patient with lymphadenopathy.(5) Although this virus was similar to HTLV-I, one of its proteins, a protein with a molecular weight of 24,000 (p24), did not react with monoclonal antibodies to the HTLV-I p24 protein. Samples of this virus were, on several occasions, sent to Gallos laboratory. In May 1984, Gallo, Popovic and their colleagues published four papers in Science in which they claimed to have isolated from AIDS patients, another retrovirus, which they called HTLV-III.(6,7,8,9) On the 23rd of April 1984, before the Science papers were published, Gallo and Margaret Heckler, the then Health and Human Services Secretary called a press conference to announce that Gallo and his co-workers had found the cause of AIDS and had developed a sensitive test to show whether the AIDS virus is present in blood. In 1985, the Pasteur Institute alleged that Gallo had misappropriated LAV in developing the blood test. The ensuing conflict, which reached the American courts, was eventually settled by a negotiated agreement signed in 1987 by Gallo, Montagnier, US President Reagan and French Premier Chirac. The agreement declared Gallo and Montagnier to be co-discoverers of the AIDS virus, presently known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Nevertheless, the misappropriation conflict drew the attention of John Crewdson, an investigative journalist, and US Senator John Dingell. In November 1989, Crewdson published a lengthy article in the Chicago Tribune newspaper, With allegations that Robert C. Gallo stole from French scientists the virus he discovered to be the cause of AIDS. (10) This led to a National Institute of Health (NIH) internal inquiry into the allegation with an outside committee of expert but disinterested parties led by Yale biochemist Frederic Richards to oversee the activity of the internal panel.(11) Following the inquiry, which was viewed as a fact-finding mission, the Richards committee insisted on a formal investigation on suspect data in one of four seminal papers published by Gallos lab in Science on 4 May 1984.(12) In this paper, the first of a series of four, with Mikulas Popovic the principal author, their appears to be differences between what was described in the paper and what was done. (10) A draft report of the formal investigation written by NIH Office of Scientific Integrity (OSI), was published in September 1991. In the draft report, Popovic is accused of misconduct for misstatements and inaccuracies that appeared in the paper, and that Gallo, as laboratory chief, created and fostered conditions that give rise to falsified/ fabricated data and falsified reports. However, Gallos actions were not considered to meet the formal definition of misconduct.(13) The final draft report of the OSI, completed in January 1992, was immediately criticised by the Richards Panel as well as Senator Dingell. This led to a review of the OSI report by the Office of Research Integrity (ORI), which found Gallo guilty of scientific misconduct. Nonetheless, the scientific misconduct is said not to negate the central findings of the 1984 Science paper. Asian Philosophies of Critical Thinking Essay Among the recipients of WBI blood, 36% were WBI 6 months after transfusion, but so were 42% of individuals who received WB-negative samples. Both donors and recipients of blood remained healthy. They concluded that WBI patterns are exceedingly common in randomly selected donors and recipients and such patterns do not correlate with the presence of HIV-1 or the transmission of HIV-1, most such reactions represent false- positive results; 3. Antibodies to p24 have been detected in 1 out of 150 healthy individuals, 13% of randomly selected otherwise healthy patients with generalised warts, 24% of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and prodrome and 41% of patients with multiple sclerosis;(52) 4. Ninety seven percent of sera from homosexuals with ITP and 94% of sera from homosexuals with lymphandenopathy or AIDS contain an antibody that reacts with a 25Kd membrane antigen found in platelets from healthy donors and AIDS patients, as well as a 25 Kd antigen found in green-monkey kidney cells, human skin fibroblasts, and herpes simplex cultured in monkey kidney cells. This reaction was absent in sera obtained from non-homosexual patients with ITP or non-immune thrombocytopenic purpura;(48) 5. Conversely, the p24 antigen is not found in all HIV positive or even AIDS patients. In one study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and p24 were used to detect HIV in patients at various CDC stages from asymptomatic to AIDS. p24 was detected in 24% patients and HIV RNA in 50%;(53) 6. In another study, In half of the cases in which a subject had a positive p24 test, the subject later had a negative test without taking any medications that would be expected to affect p24 antigen levels the test is clinically erratic and should be interpreted very cautiously.(54) Thus the finding of viral particles in the AIDS cultures/co- cultures, RT and proteins which react with AIDS related sera in the material from the supernatant or cell lysates which in sucrose density gradients bands at 1.16 gm/ml, cannot be considered synonymous with the isolation or even the detection of a retrovirus. Even if a retrovirus is isolated from in vitro cultures/co-cultures from tissues from AIDS patients, this does not, by itself, constitute proof of the existence of the virus in vivo, (in AIDS patients), and even less that the retrovirus has been exogenously acquired. This is because: 1. At present, it is generally accepted that one of the most striking features that distinguish retroviruses from all other animal retroviruses is the presence, in the chromosomes of normal uninfected cells, of genomes closely related to, or identical with those of infectious viruses. The human genome, in addition to other proviral sequences, is known to contain both HTLV-I (55,56) and HIV (57) sequences. Depending on conditions, the proviral genome remains unexpressed or part or all of it may be expressed. The latter may or may not lead to the assembly of viral particles (endogenous retrovirus).(17) In animal cultures, healthy non-virus producing cells sooner or later spontaneously release retroviruses.(20) The appearance and yield can be increased by (i) mitogenic stimulation;(58) (ii) co-cultivation techniques;(59) (iii) cultivation of cells with supernatant from non-virus producing cultures.(60) According to one eminent retrovirologist, George Todaro, the failure to isolate endogenous viruses from certain species may reflect thelimitation of in vitro cocultivation techniques;(61) 2. Gallos team, like everybody else: (i) isolated HTLV-III (HIV) from cell cultures; (ii) isolated HTLV-III from mitogenically stimulated, activated cell cultures; 3. In addition, Gallo and his colleagues also used co-cultivation techniques; 4. The first HTLV-III isolation was from the HT (H4, H9, H17) cell line. Reading Gallo and his colleagues first paper, one surmises that the HT cell line was established in Gallos laboratory. The Gallo inquiry revealed that the HT cell line is in fact HUT78, a cell line established in another laboratory from a patient with mature T4-cell leukaemia, a disease which Gallo claims is caused by the exogenous retrovirus, HTLV-I.(3) If so, then all HT cell cultures, and the clones derived from it, infected with HTLV-III or non-infected, and the material from these cultures which bands at 1.16 gm/ml, should contain HTLV-I, and thus RT and retroviral particles. Furthermore, because about 25% of AIDS patients have antibodies to HTVL-I,(1) and the immunogenic proteins of HTLV-I and HIV have the same molecular weights, then approximately 25% of the non-infected HT (H4, H9, H17) cultures in addition to RT and particles, should have, in the Western blot, the same bands as those of the HTLV-III infected cultures. Thus, these WBs will erroneously appear positive for HTLV-III. Proof that HTLV-III (HIV) is causally linked to AIDS. Gallo claims, a claim accepted by the vast majority of AIDS researchers, that in the May 1984 Science papers he and his colleagues presented unambiguous evidence that this and this alone was the cause of AIDS.(62) A minimum requirement for making such a claim should be presentation of the following evidence: 1. That all AIDS patients are infected with HTLV-III; 2. Infection with HTLV-III leads to T4-cell depletion, given the assumption that HTLV-III leads to the clinical syndrome by its T4 cytotoxicity. The evidence for the existence of HTLV-III was viral isolation and ELISA antibody tests. Even if one assumes that the data presented represents true isolation, the virus was isolated from less that half (10/21) of AIDS patients with opportunistic infections, and in less than one third (13/43) with Kaposis sarcoma, then and now the two most characteristic AIDS diseases. Even if the virus could have been isolated from all patients, given the nature of retroviruses and the method used for HTLV-III isolation (cultures, mitogenic stimulation, co- cultivation) the possibility cannot be excluded that the virus did not exist in vivo (in AIDS patients), and that it was a provirus whose expression was facilitated by the culture conditions. The only method used to prove HIV infection in vivo was the antibody tests. Such a test can only be used only after its specificity has been proven by use of the only possible gold standard, the virus itself. This has not been done. Furthermore, the antibody test used by Gallo was ELISA, at present known to be non-reproducible and non-specific. In a study of 1.2 million healthy military applicants conducted by Colonel Donald Burke and his colleagues,(63) it was found that although approximately 1% of all individuals had an initial positive HIV ELISA, only 50% of repeat ELISAs were positive. Of the latter, only approximately one third were associated with two subsequent positive WBs. In Russia, in 1990, out of 20,000 positive ELISAs only 112 were confirmed using the WB as a gold standard. In 1991, of approximately 30,000 positive ELISAs, only 66 were confirmed.(64) Nowhere in the four Science papers was HTVL-III cytotoxicity mentioned. The only reference to any cellular abnormalities or pathology in general is in the first paper where one reads: The virus positive cultures consistently showed a high proportion of round giant cells containing numerous nuclei (Fig. 1a). These cells resemble those induced by HTLV-I and -II except that the nuclei exhibit a characteristic ring formation. (Fig. 1a is a light microscopic examination of clone H4/HTLV-III). The H4 clone was obtained from the HT cell line using irradiated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of a healthy blood donor as a feeder. At present, it is known that the HT cell line and thus H4 are HUT78, derived in 1980 from a patient with mature T4-cell leukaemia,(65,66) However, other cell lines derived from patients with the same clinical syndrome are known to exhibit similar morphologies including multinucleated giant cells.(67) Thus the cellular morphological characteristics observed in the first paper may have been an intrinsic property of the HT cell line, or the result of the culture conditions, or both, and not due to HTLV-III. Finally, Gallo and his colleagues did not provide any data on the immunological status of those individuals from whom viral isolation was attempted, and no data was presented proving that: 1. HTLV-III (HIV) is both a necessary and sufficient cause of T4- cell depletion; 2. T4-cell depletion is both necessary and sufficient for the appearance of the AIDS indicator diseases. Conclusions The data and arguments that have been presented by Gallo and his colleagues do not constitute proof of HIV isolation or an unambiguous role for HIV in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Although some researchers currently use methods of viral isolation essentially the same as that described by Gallos group, most use less rigorous methods including singleton detection of p24 (by antibody techniques), or RT. Notwithstanding, with all of these techniques, including that described by Gallo and his colleagues, which itself seen to be greatly problematic, HIV cannot be isolated from 20%-70% of HIV positive and AIDS patients(68,69) Thus we are faced with a problem of considerable importance. The HIV antibody tests, both ELISA and WB, the only routinely used tests proving the existence in vivo of HIV, have yet to be verified against the only suitable gold standard, viral isolation. The available evidence suggests that this long overdue but most basic requirement of test evaluation is likely to prove an immense problem, and while the HIV antibody tests are useful prognostic markers in the high risk groups, their use as diagnostic and epidemiological tools for HIV infection is questionable.References 1. Essex M, McLane MF, Lee TH, et al. Antibodies to Cell Membrane Antigens Associated with Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus in Patients with AIDS. Science 1985;220:859-862. 2. Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, et al. Isolation of Human T- Cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;220:865-867. 3. Gallo RC. The First Human Retrovirus. Sci Am 1986; 255:78-88. 4. Marx JL. Human T-Cell Leukemia Linked to AIDS. Science 1983;220:806-809. 5. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al. Isolation of a T-Lymphotrophic Retrovirus from a patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;220:868-871. 6. Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, et al. Detection, Isolation,and Continuous Production of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS. Science 1984;224:497-500. 7. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al. Frequent Detection and Isolation of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and at Risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224:500-502. 8. Schupbach J, Popovic M, Gilden RV, et al. Serological analysis of a Subgroup of Human T-Lymphotrophic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) Associated with AIDS. Science 1984;224:503-505. 9. Sarngadharan MG, Popovic M,Bruch L, et al. Antibodies Reactive to Human T-Lymphotrophic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the Serum of Patients with AIDS. Science 1984:224:506-508. 10. Culliton BJ. Gallo Inquiry Takes Puzzling New Turn. Science 1990:250:202-203. 11. Culliton BJ. Inside the Gallo Probe. Science 1990;248:1494-1498. 12. Hamilton DP. What Next in the Gallo Case? Science 1991;254:944-945. 13. Palca J. Draft of Gallo Report Sees the Light of Day. Science 1991;253:1347-1348. 14. Cohen J. HHS: Gallo Guilty of Misconduct. Science 1993:259:168-170. 15. Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Kramarsky B. et al. First isolation of HTLV-III. Nature 1986;321:119. BibliographyThe evidence that Robert Gallo and his colleagues presented on 4th May 1984 regarding HTLV-III (HIV) isolation and the role of HIV in the pathogenesis of AIDS is critically analysed. It is concluded that the evidence does not constitute proof of the isolation of a retrovirus, that the virus is exogenous or that the virus is causally related to AIDS. Medicine Essays

Thomas Jefferson

Table of Contents Introduction Education background Early Career Dates Serving in highest federal office Achievements as a federal government official Later years/death Works Cited Introduction The logician was born in Shadwell in 1743 (Malone, 11). His father was a triumphant farm owner and surveyor while his mother originated from one of the renowned families in Virginia. His matrimony produced six children, but only two lived to maturity. Jefferson lived in Monticello where he expanded his business while erecting his dwelling. Thomas, the third president of the US, was a historian, public executive and truth-seeker who served his country industriously for decades.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Education background At age nine, he was edified by a clergyman who skilled him on Greek, Latin and French (Kelly). Jefferson then attended Reverand James Mauryâ₠¬â„¢s association before joining William and Mary institution in the early 60s, and finally learning law with George, a revolutionary law professor in the US. Early Career He took over his parent’s agricultural estate and workforce where he furthered his early vocation as a farm administrator. He had a peculiarity in being a structural designer, natural scientist and multilingual (Malone, 11). After college, he trained in law and operated in local administration as a magistrate, district deputy, and an affiliate of the House of Burgesses. In 1776, he was preferred to outline the Declaration of Independence owing to his pose in the Continental Congress, which has been unanimously considered as a bond of the US and international autonomies. The paper emphasized on impartiality in race and assets and the function of the regime in serving the populace. After parting congress in 1776, he revisited his home to serve as a voted agent (Kelly), where he governed the section from 1779- 1781. There was a short-lived break in his personal life in the last year, where he summarized notes about Virginia. He had political adversaries who hardheartedly disparaged his headship as a governor (Bernstein, 81), citing his unavailability during predicaments. Dates Serving in highest federal office Three years later he returned to communal service where he served as a commerce representative in France, before later succeeding Benjamin Franklin as minister (Morse, 71). He helped settle commercial treaties while in France due to the opposition of some European countries to the US fiscal propositions. Thomas attributed their unawareness on the insufficient information they had in the rewards of commerce to both parties. He strengthened his knowledge in European literature during this period, while delivering books, information and diverse materials to Monticello.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More George Washington, a special associate, offered him the post of the state secretary in 1790 (Morse, 88), amid Jefferson’s unwillingness. He quit the position, after being undermined by Washington due to his marginal position among the representatives. During his short-lived departure, he devoted his time to the farm and his family, while trying out new machinery and commenced the creation of Monticello. Six years later, as a presidential entrant, he occupied the post of the vice-president after minimally losing to a close friend (Coates). Four years later, however, he became president, where there was the most nonviolent shift of command in the nation’s history. Achievements as a federal government official He had several achievements in his occupancy, the most notable one in the first term coming when he procured Louisiana in 1803, and his sustaining the Lewis and Clark mission (Coates). His second term was more exigent both internally and overseas, but he is lauded for the pains he endured to uphold impartiality in the center of the Britain-France differences. Jefferson revised the criminal regulations, which was later certified in 1796. He had numerous supportive bills, for example, the conception of modern libraries which took time to be implemented (Coates). He proposed a state of spiritual autonomy, which was unfortunately discarded, causing distress in the nation for practically a decade, before passing in 1786. Jefferson made noteworthy contributions by suggesting the use of the decimal structure which prejudiced the use of the dollar as the central fiscal unit in the US. He is best considered for his championing for liberation, despite the unfriendliness received from scholars (Kelly). Worldwide, he remains a radiant, inspirational symbol for the major US parties, open-minded reformers across the world, and buoyant democrats. Some of his quotations are pertinent in the present social order, signifying autonomy, and the essent iality of principles in resolutions. Later years/death Thomas left his presidency in1809 to a close comrade, before heading back to Monticello to spend the afterward part of his life. His sold his collected literatures to the state to ease the creation of a library. At 76, he partook his last grand communal service by ensuring the groundwork of a university in Virginia (Kelly), where he fore-fronted the lawmaking procedure of acquaintance, securing its locality, scheming its structures, scheduling its syllabus and serving as the first parson.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He passed away in 1826, at the age of 83, on the 50th centennial of the marking of the Declaration of Independence (Coates). His epitaph echoed what he had given the populace, rather than what they had given him. He yearned to be remembered for his causes to attain sovereignty from Britain, se lf-determination of principles, and achievement of autonomy through edification. Works Cited Bernstein, Richard. Thomas Jefferson. New York: Oxford university press, 2005, pp. 81-89. Coates, Eyler. Life of Thomas Jefferson. Web. Available at  https://guides.lib.virginia.edu/TJ Kelly, martin. Thomas Jefferson biography- third president of the United States. About.com: American history, 2010. Web. Available at  https://www.thoughtco.com/thomas-jefferson-3rd-president-united-states-104985 Malone, Dumas. Thomas Jefferson: a brief biography. North Carolina: UNC press books, 2002, pp. 10-11. Morse, John. Thomas Jefferson. South Carolina: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, pp. 1-295. This essay on Thomas Jefferson was written and submitted by user Arian Harrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership

Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership Introduction Organizations have from time to time; carry out a thorough evaluation of their practices so as to be able to gain insight in ways of streamlining their organizational processes and improvement of revenue and high profit making potential. Both the internal and external aspects are analyzed and it must also be a wide-ranging and all inclusive activity so as to be able to gain proper strategic approach. The model of corporation management examination is derived from the unpredictable economic settings in which companies function.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Investors usually want assurance in a corporation’s wellbeing before they engage in investing in public owned companies, this shows that they want to be provided with reports showing the businesses strength, comprehend how a business bounced back fro m a plunge in returns or whether its cash flow is hampered by its clientele who dont meet their obligations. Reports and analysis done to investigate all this always give potential investors with specifics they require to make knowledgeable choices. With precise tabulations of inward bound returns and reliable evaluation of market tests, company analysis has turned out to be nearly requisite to many market-watchers. To a certain extent business owners and top management opt to use company analysis to assess procedures and boost their companies practices and revenue earnings, instead of refusing to go along with change and resolving for business as usual. Key Focuses Case study 1: Netflix Netflix being one of the world’s largest online providers of movie rentals serves over ten million clients/ subscribers who have access to more than 100,000 DVD titles plus a variety of over five thousand selections that its subscribers can view instantly in real time on their computers. Netf lix has transformed the way movies are rented by delivering them directly to their clients. With todays demanding way of life, and clients demanding extra value and control, its no doubt that Netflix has turned out to be the most favored online source of home entertainment. Netflix has since then developed to be the world’s leading online movie rental provider with it being named the top internet movie retail site for client contentment in 10 out of 11 reviews since 2005 carried out by ForeSee Results. In the same year Fast Company declared it the winner of its yearly Customers First Award. Among other achievements of Netflix include, Retail Innovator of the Year(2007), number one online retailer by Nielsen Online(December 2007), Netflix Player ranked top 10 device of the year by time magazine(December 2008), and 2010 number one e-commerce corporation by the American Customer Satisfaction Index. NetFlix.com, Inc. was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph. Netflix manages an online-based limitless movie rental service for digital video disc (DVD) formatted movies. The DVD has made available a new technology for storing and playing movies with image and sound quality exceeding that of traditional videocassettes.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A DVD is same in size to an audio compact disc and is capable of storing an entire film, as well as added material such as subtitles in different languages, additional shorter videos about the making of the film or other related subject matter, and information about the actors, director, and producers. With its high quality and additional features, the new DVD technology provided an attractive alternative to traditional videocassettes for the home video market. A key aspect of the Netflix business model is the â€Å"Marquee Queue† concept. The â€Å"Marquee Queue† allow subscribers to rent several movies at once for viewing. This is simply a subscriber’s queue where a list of all the movies that the subscriber had selected, but which had not yet been sent to the subscriber is presented. After logging on to the Netflix Web site, a new subscriber browses the virtual aisles and select movies that he or she desires to watch. These movies are then used to build the subscriber’s queue. The website makes it easy for subscribers to edit the queue, such that the list can be arranged in the desired order. The company then ships the DVDs at the top of the queue to subscribers. Netflix is plagued with technological concerns as far as its ability to move to offering online video from DVDs, this leads to a loss in subscribers. Netflix still has indications of a cash flow Achilles heel as compared to its competitors (Blockbuster, Comcast). They also experience high cost on product acquisition. It experiences competition from about every part of the entertainment industry from cable, digital, and satellite services, including the pay-per-view option and movie channels such as HBO, and Showtime. Due to this an extensive choice of substitutes is offered as a result from the diverse competition. (Marks, 2005). Case study 2: Blockbuster Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation is an adjustable company that notices prospects and is conscious of the challenges that come with every business venture. In so doing it has to be conscious of forthcoming corporations that provide same kind of services for example Hollywood Video. Blockbuster has seized the opening to spread out their services from providing just movies to offering new movies and video games. A main element of Blockbuster’s products is made up of video games. Blockbuster has expanded its operations to include products such as the console games which have further increased its market share by the acquisition of American Satellite and Video Inc. â€Å"American Sat ellite operates Rhino Video Games, which is a games retail chain. Rhino Video buys, sells, and trades video games. Rhino has 40 retail stores in the Southeast, including Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina† (Leon, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Netflix and Blockbuster Battle for Market Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Expansion and Acquisition of Stores Locations Blockbuster seized the opportunity to expand to different countries and will continue to spread to other countries. Blockbuster has greatly expanded internationally and is currently in 27 countries across North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and Europe. Blockbuster went from 1500 stores in 1990 to over 8000 stores worldwide in 2002; this expansion is the key to Blockbuster’s success. They have used this expansion to penetrate the market and capture market share. In 2001, Blockbuster’s worldwide revenues surpassed $5 billion, and 20 percent of that was generated outside the U.S. Blockbuster will continue to expand as it is doing in Central America to capture more and more market share (Lamb McDaniel 2005), Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation is an adaptive company that sees opportunity and is aware of the challenges. New ideas are important on topics such as how to compete with internet video rental companies and how to capture the video game rental market. Entering into new countries has been a main focus as well. Blockbuster has also used its three main revenue producers to compete in the vastly growing industry. Blockbuster has also had to keep up with many technological threats. Investments have been down so strategic alliances have been formed to strengthen the company. Online movie rentals and sales have proven to be a necessity considering all the recent technological advances. With all of these things in mind Blockbuster has m ade many adaptations since the case and should be able to remain competitive in the industry. (Haag Phillips, 2005). Key Findings A thorough examination of strategies, resources, and fund raising procedures for up-and-coming growth and middle-market corporations is mandatory for any intended growth to be achieved or realized. This paper has examined both Netflix and blockbuster and provides wide-ranging and convenient recommendations on appreciating and applying the basics of corporate finance to upcoming and middle-market corporations. Haag Phillips ( 2005) notes â€Å"by means of utilizing empirical data and real company case studies to demonstrate resource structures and investment approaches, the recommendations provide an in depth argument of the numerous grant mechanisms.† These can range from conventional bank credits and asset-based funding to diverse types of private equity and other innovative resolution which may include a variety of financial support sources, th eir projected rates of returns and the deal terms. (Haag Phillips, 2005)Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Geoff (2006) notes â€Å"a company analysis gives information about performance and prospects. business graph image by Alexey Klementiev from Fotolia.com thisth This investigations, or corporate analyses, refer to dealings undertaken for a comprehensive evaluation to gain a thoughtful realization of a companys precedent performance and potential prospects.† A systematic scrutiny will center on all facets of the corporate body, as well as the administration structure and know-how, assets and resources, growth forecasts, productivity and insubstantial aspects such as goodwill and the product image. Geoff (2006) notes â€Å"results of the analysis are used in reaching business decisions by external parties, such as whether or not to invest in or go into a partnership with the analyzed company.† By and large corporate excellence of a business can be assessed by examining the company’s core elements, purpose, objectives and procedures. For example, a company may prod uce products of flawless quality but have a scandalous customer service record. As such, a total company evaluation may be broken down into minor, related evaluations to look into the various parts of the company. When all the reports from the different analysis are implemented as one, a full size representation of the company’s well being is fashioned. (Geoff, 2006). Strategies for company growth recommended Company analyses often begin from top management or administration team and trickle down to subordinate ranks of the corporation. Together with every segment of the company in the scrutiny procedure make available a well-formed appraisal of the company. This examination possibly will necessitate use of departmental plans or strategies. In trade, administration analysis characteristically centers on procedures, business culture or economic performance. Operational evaluation comprises how a business carries out its responsibilities, business culture, relates to business p hilosophies and practices, and economic assessments are the returns obtained from business functions. (Gamble Arthur, 2004) Companies should find ways of expanding their geographical cover of potential market bases by setting up new stores in new areas, and also through promotion of diverse brand of products that create an appeal and attract potential clientele and retain clients they once upon a time were not able to get in touch with. Corporations intending to grow should carry out frequent analyses of the foremost industry they form a part of; this helps them get a comprehensive grasp on what is required, for example both Netflix should have a sense of the type of movies and services Blockbuster is offering to its clients so as to come up with better services and vice versa. Divide the strategies formulated after carrying out the analysis into specific groups; for example market strategies, people strategies, products and services, administration and organization and finally fi nance. These helps the company be able to implement the strategies and plans fully and realize their objectives. Hire and recruit with high energy levels and good health so as to have maximum employee output Examine the company’s potentiality in terms of resources and finances, before embarking on growth. Another important and strong strategy is to think of globalization. Relating particular products with global events like the world cup can give the world a product it can share in entirely. One should use one of the following techniques in sales. Sales staff – add the time they spend on sales, increase their human resource and their knowledge, skills; communicate with sales representatives, distributors; improve customers information of whats on hand. Evaluate peoples remuneration to ensure that all have equal packages and also that the people feel that the remuneration and compensation is awarded without bias. People should be educated in order to understand the bene fits of a company’s benefit package. Constant specialized training and skill enhancement for employees to upgrade their job output. Examine the companys association with existing and possible clients, its familiarity of varying needs and opportunities in the marketplace, the way it classifies and contacts its regulars, service quality and speed of products being offered, marketing, advertising, and the selling and management skills its possesses. Managers should monitor and utilize resources efficiently for the company’s growth by encompassing the highest quality of know-how and accounting and budgeting systems. In the process they should also be able to establish what can be done to develop precision and relevance of accounting so performance information is accessible in real time. (Andrà ©, 2007). Conclusion Businesses may opt for an outside company to carry out a company analysis for them. This option provides an objective opinion of the company and managers are p rovided with innovative ideas from an outside source without biasness, looking to make changes that will offer significant company returns and realization of objectives. The function of performance examination is to determine whether a company is carrying on well, this information is very vital in attracting investors and also identify areas that call for upgrading. Proper run companies carry out internal analysis on a frequent basis, to be able to keep in touch with changes influencing the company’s performance. Managers come with findings of the evaluation and table them before stakeholders at annual general meetings, with a purpose of catching the attention of potential business prospects. Companies that carry out regular analysis are more in touch with the diverse background issues touching the business and are more vibrant and receptive to market forces. Competition is good for business as the more quality varieties of a certain product in the market are available then, product demand is also high. Reference List Andrà ©, R. (2007). Organizational Behavior: An Introduction to Your Life in Organizations. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Gamble, J. Arthur, T. (2004) Essentials of Strategic Management: The Quest for Competitive Advantage. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Geoff, F. (2006). Marketing Fundermentals:CIM Coursebook. London: oxford publishers. Haag, S. Phillips, A. (2005), Business Driven Technology., New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hitt, I. Hoskisson, P. (2009). Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization : concepts cases, edn 8, New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Lamb, C., McDaniel, C. (2005), Marketing. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Leon, C. (2009). Essentials of Marketing. New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2009. Marks, K. (2005). The handbook of financing growth: strategies and capital structure. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

A Guide to French Words for Beverages

A Guide to French Words for Beverages Its no secret that the French love to eat and drink. By learning the vocabulary for common beverages and food, youll develop a deeper appreciation for this tasty aspect of French culture and make sure you never go hungry while traveling. This guide some of the most common words and phrases associated with eating and drinking, as well as links to sound files to practice your pronunciation.   Vocabulary   There are a handful of verbs youll use frequently when discussing food and drink, including  avoir  (to have),  boire  (to drink),  prendre  (to take), and  vouloir  (to want). If youre a true foodie, you may also want to learn more about how to talk about wine and coffee in French. la và ´tre!  Ã‚  Cheers! To your health!avoir soif  Ã‚  to be thirstyune boisson   drink, beverageun apà ©ritif, un apà ©ro (informal) cocktail, before-dinner drinkune bià ¨re   beerune boisson gazeuse   soda, pop, soft drinkun cafà ©Ã‚   coffee, espressole champagne   champagneun chocolat (chaud)   hot chocolateun cidre   hard ciderun citron pressà ©Ã‚   lemonadeun digestif   after-dinner drinkleau   watereau du robinet   tap watereau plate   still / plain watereau gazeuse   sparkling / mineral waterun express   espressoune infusion   herbal teale jus   juicele lait   milkune limonade   lemon soda (like Sprite or 7-Up)un pastis   anise-flavored apà ©ritifune pression   beer on taple thà ©Ã‚   teale thà © glacà ©Ã‚   iced teaune tisane   herbal teale vin  Ã‚  Ã‚  winela  gueule  de  bois   hangover​

FlyDubai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FlyDubai - Essay Example Fly Dubai aims at attracting more clients through the price reduction strategy while at the same time providing an improved quality service (Croft 2014, p. 62). In addition, another generic strategy employed by the firm is the expansion of the Airline to various destination sites. Increase in destination sites implies increase of customers seeking their services. Fly Dubai have dedicated themselves in opening new flying destinations to various countries hence increasing on their income. Competitors who are slow in opening new destination places eventually become less sort after (Croft 2014, p.90). Fly Dubai has the grand strategy of becoming the best company in Dubai by offering services that are beyond the expectation of its customers (Croft 2014, p.78). Fly Dubai aims at achieving this through partnering up with companies and businesses that are in line with its grand strategy. The company aims at partnering up with major stakeholders that will help it accomplish the following in the near future: These include the creation of new taxiways plus runways in order to ease on congestion in and out of airports (Croft 2014, p.67). In addition, they opt to buy new aircrafts fitted with the latest technology, expand cargo facilities, purchase new ground equipment’s, train their staff, set up a new fire station to be responsible for emergencies, conduct regular maintenance checks on all place to ensure they are in good condition before flying to a given destination, and expand their catering services. Furthermore, they aim at relocating the general aviation to Dubai world Cent ral. All these belong to their grand strategy of becoming the leading aviation industry in the world and in Dubai in particular (Croft 2014, p.45). The grand strategy employed by Fly Dubai is expected to make it efficient and help it improve the number of clients using their services (Croft 2014, p. 34). In keeping up with technology and making the various

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Strategy - Essay Example Selling designer clothes to cater for the rich includes Louis Vuitton, Gucci and many other brands. Tailor clothes for the middle class and second hand clothes for the poor. We can also market the gap by locating our shops at different geographical areas in the global market. By doing this, we will make it easier for the customers to access our products without any difficulties, which will facilitate our selling and, therefore, reduce competition. Due to the improved technology, we can introduce buying of goods online and special delivery. This will motivate the busy, disabled, lazy, so that they purchase goods from our premises since busy people won’t have to neglect their busy schedule to go shopping. The disabled will also have an advantage as they will not struggle going to the market (McDonald, 2008). The lazy will also be lured to our premises, and this will boost our selling and reduce competition, thus, marketing the gap. Gap Company should attract customers from many different social classes so that they can improve their profits. Even though the gap strategy limited how the company was presenting its brand to different social classes. Gab Company should start many peer retailer shops for them to capture the low earning citizens throughout the world. The company should consider having various prices in different branches so that they can attract as many customers as possible. Gap should ensure that they do not sell inferior products at high prices because this will only make people to avoid buying the products. They should not introduce products which are not relevant to the consumers and sell them at a high price (McDonald, 2008). There is also the introduction of new stores that sold goods at high prices, yet the old stores were selling products at a fair price. This made customers from the new geographical areas to avoid purchasing products from the new stores because they were very expensive. It is a high

Abraham Lincoln and Primary Documents Quiz Essay Example for Free

Abraham Lincoln and Primary Documents Quiz Essay 1. One writer maintains that slaves in the South are the â€Å"happiest† and â€Å"freest† people in the world and workers in the North are not. How this is so? 2. For O’Sullivan, how would California benefit once separated from Mexico? 3. According to Angelina Grimke, what could women do to contribute to the abolition of slavery? Women played a vital role in the campaign to abolish slavery, although they themselves lacked even the right to vote. Their campaign techniques were employed to great effect in the struggle for suffrage. In the early years, women influenced the campaign to abolish slavery, but they were not direct activists. This accorded with the prevalent view of women as a moral not a political force. As the campaign gained popularity, they could publish anti-slavery poems and stories. 4. Why does Lincoln in the â€Å"House Divided† speech believe the pro-slavery side was winning regarding the expansion of slavery in the territories? Why does Calhoun in opposing the Compromise of 1850 think the South was at a disadvantage? Because starting the new year of 1854 found slavery excluded from more than half the States by State Constitutions, and from most of the National territory by Congressional prohibition. Four days later, commenced the struggle which ended in repealing that Congressional prohibition. This opened all the National territory to slavery, and was the first point gained†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Although each side received benefits, the north seemed to gain the most. The North had absolute control over the government. The South 5. Garrison and Fitzhugh refer to Declaration of Independence in their excerpts. How do they use the Declaration? Garrison uses Jefferson’s declaration as a foundation that to prove his thought and to convince the society. his â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Convention† is strongly convincing. He confirms â€Å"that all persons of color, ought to be admitted forthwith to the enjoyment f the same privileges, and the exercise of the same prerogatives, as others; and that the paths of preferment, of wealth, and of intelligence, should be opened as widely to them as to persons of a white complexion.† No matter what are your skin color, and what gender you are in, all people should have the way to be educated, rich and happy. What he advocates is quite similar with Jefferson’s claim that all man have the right to â€Å"pursuit their happiness†. George Fitzhugh’s ideas are totally against Garrison. He is a representative of thought that men are not born equal. Whites are strong, healthy, smart, and blacks are weak, sickly, and foolish. He stated that â€Å"Their natural inequalities beget inequalities of rights.† African American is stupid so they deserve to have no right. Furthermore, African Americans are lower than whites; they cannot survive in society without being â€Å"modified† so they need the white man for survival. However, I disagree with Fitzhugh. I think the reason why black people is â€Å"foolish†, and cannot competitive with white people is they are not allowed to get access to knowledge. White people control their lives and brainwash their minds; therefore, they only have a narrow view that they deserve to be slaves, and they ought to do free labor work for whites. They are â€Å"foolish† because they are uneducated, and because how whites treat them. If African Americans were educated, then they would be a threat to white people. They are kept â€Å"foolish† so it is easy to control them. 6. What were the strategies of Garrison and Douglass in opposing slavery? 7. Compare Lincoln’s First and Second Inaugural addresses. What do you think was his purpose in each? Lincolns main purpose in his First Inaugural Address was to allay the anxieties of the southern states that their property, peace, and personal security were endangered because a Republican administration was taking office. The purpose of Lincolns second inaugural address was to state that slavery was the key component that led to the civil war and he stated that it was possible that slavery had offended God and he retaliated by causing conflict which started the war. He said that since there was now peace, they should take advantage of that and begin a time of reconciliation where there was malice towards no one and charity for everyone†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Lincoln contradicts himself, giving false hope to southerners hoping to hold onto slavery. He says in his first Inaugural address that he has no plans to interfere (directly or indirectly) with the institution of slavery, also saying he had no right to do so. He still holds onto the idea of secession and how we are a perpetual union and by no means should we be divided. Lincoln leaves the idea of taking actions towards slavery in his first address mainly to win some supporters in the middle states, paying off with West Virginias loyalty to the union. Towards the end of the Civil War, Lincoln make a transformation as he turns bolder (evident in his second inaugural address), disowning slavery and all of its practices, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. This new view of Lincoln sent a loathsome spirit throughout the South, especially for Lincoln.

Compare And Contrast Two Successful Global Companies Commerce Essay

Compare And Contrast Two Successful Global Companies Commerce Essay In this paper we shall evaluate, compare and contrast two successful global companies: UPS and Amazon.com. UPS is the worlds largest package delivery company and a leading global provider of specialized transportation and logistics services (UPS, n.d.). It continues to diversify in its product offering. UPS is the third largest employer in the US and has been operating for the last 103 years. On the other hand, Amazon.com is one of the successful survivors of the internet boom in the late 90s. By 2008 Amazon had become a global brand with other 76 million active customers accounts and had earned itself the reputation of offering earths biggest selection of books. Being a company that was founded in 1995, it is not surprising that Amazon.com is still led by its visionary founder Jeffrey Bezos. Amazon.com has a small management core that co-ordinates a virtual/boundary less organisational structure that has been necessitated by the nature of its business. UPS on the other hand is run by a highly centralized management committee that is mostly organized into functions. At the global level we find business units. Both organizations though are structurally organized to enhance efficiency along their supply chains. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000): One of the most significant paradigm shifts of modern business management is that individual businesses no longer compete as solely autonomous entities, but rather as supply chains (p.65). Further, in this emerging competitive environment, the ultimate success of the single business will depend on managements ability to integrate the companys intricate network of business relationships (Lambert Cooper, 2000). The two companies differ here in that whereas UPS owns most of its supply chain operations as epitomized by its 400,000 employees, 600 plus airplanes, more than 90,000 delivery trucks and 72,000 retail outlets Amazon.com manages its supply chain through a network of partnerships with companies such as Toys R Us and Borders in the US, and Waterstones in the UK etc. Indeed, as new technologies provide opportunities to radically change business and industry economics, the need to frame strategy and its executionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has become increasingly importantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for executives and entrepreneurs who are searching for opportunities to create and exploit game-changing innovations (Applegate, 2008, p.21). Information Technology (IT) has been central to both organizations though manifested differently in their strategies. For UPS, IT has been the potential change factor for the last decade. By building up their IT network and database capacity through such innovations as eLogistics and UPS OnLine Tools the company was able to redefine its core business through what Varian (2003) refers to as new combinations of productive means. The case for Amazon.com is different because it is an e-business where IT is a fundamental component. Nevertheless, Amazon.com has been able to develop proprietary technologies with the functionality and features that simplify and improve there customer shopping experience. It is this that made the organisation to prosper while other dot-coms failed. Amazon.com has been able to achieve awareness, customer loyalty and repeat purchases, a form of customer lock-in According to Varian (2003) this tact by Amazon.com reduces dispersion of willingness to pay, which is a form of price discrimination and increases barriers to entry. When we look at the effect of Porters five forces to these two companies we are enabled to understand their strategic intents better. In the case of UPS we see a highly competitive industry with strong brands to compete against such as FedEx, DHL and US Postal Service. The few strong brand names, high fixed costs, trade tariffs and international regulations make entry into this industry difficult thus reducing threat of new entrants. Buyer power is moderate in spite of the low switching costs for customers because individually they are too small to have an impact. Threat of substitutes is low considering that few competitors can match UPSs airfreight. The biggest threat for UPS comes in the form of strong supplier power. This is manifested through labor problems, fuel costs and capacity constraints for example UPS reported a fourth-quarter 2007 net loss of $2.58 billion mainly due to a $6.1 billion pension-related charge. For Amazon.com industry rivalry is also high especially with such competitors like eBay, Barnes Noble and Wal-Mart, high threat of substitutes from specialist e-commerce sites e.g. Apple iTunes store for music downloads and low power of suppliers such as publishers who find competition with online companies so expensive and challenging that they prefer entering into partnerships. Though the capital expenditure required to enter into e-commerce is low Amazon.com has been able to reduce threat of new entrants through demand side benefits of scale, development of proprietary technologies, brand identity and effective and efficient distribution channels. According to Porter (2008): Demand side benefits of scale arise in industries where a buyers willingness to pay a companys product increases with the number of other buyers who also patronize the company (p.4) The future performance projections for UPS for at least the next five years should be high considering that the company has been able to successfully transform itself from one oriented towards becoming the leading package delivery company into an enablers of global e-commerce. In spite of this the company has also successfully maintained its strong culture that has made it have a low rate of employee turnover throughout its history. The firms commitment to continual development of game changing business models e.g. leasing its call center capacity to a customers, supporting and managing entire back-end systems for corporations like Nike etc, and its quick embracing of new technologies are bound to keep UPS very competitive for the near future. Amazon.com though is in a less predictable industry where disruptive technologies have the ability to change the entire industry overnight. Moreover, e-commerce aspiring entrants armed with new capacity and hungry for market share could easily ratchet up the investment required for Amazon.com to stay in business (Porter, 2008) which is not the case for UPSs industry. Customers in this industry are also more fickle as their online experience evolves and could easily be drawn to substitute offerings. Nevertheless, we cannot take away Amazon.coms relentlessly focus on customer experience and customer loyalty which enabled them survive the dot-com bubble burst. With the visionary founder till at the helm we should expect Amazon.com to maintain its competitive edge.

History of Singapore

This essay integrates and revises material from Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts p125-139, De Coutre’s Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 625 (A/Prof Peter Borschberg’s website at www. borschberg. sg), and Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City by, p19-82, The Free Dictionary by Farlex, 2009, www. thefreedictionary. com 1 definition of strategic obtained from www. thefreedictionary. com 2 C. A.Gibson attempted to answer Raffles Professor of History Wong Lin Ken claim that â€Å"no historian has yet adequately explained why Singapore failed to be a major trading centre before the nineteenth century in Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 3 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p32 4 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p52 5 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p74 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p74 7 De Coutre’s Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 1625 (A/Prof Peter Borschberg’s website at www. borschberg. g) 8 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p77 9 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p78 10 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 12 from Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts, p135 13 John Crawfurd recorded that Raffles â€Å"touched at Singapore to make enquires, and then for the first time, the advantage and superiority of its locality presented themselves† in Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 14 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p80 15 Prof Kwa Choon Guan’s lecture 3 notes, slide 4 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p55, recording an anecdote of Suma Oriental 17 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, 56-57 18 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p57-59 19 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p59 20 Eurasian engineer and explorer manuel godinho d’Eredia’s report, Declaracam de Malaca e India Meridional com o Cathay â€Å"Chorographic Description of the Straits of â€Å"Sincapure and Sabbam’ in 1604 marked a xabandaria at the south coast of Singapore 21 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng an d Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61 22 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p73 23Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61 History of Singapore This essay integrates and revises material from Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts p125-139, De Coutre’s Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 625 (A/Prof Peter Borschberg’s website at www. borschberg. sg), and Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City by, p19-82, The Free Dictionary by Farlex, 2009, www. thefreedictionary. com 1 definition of strategic obtained from www. thefreedictionary. com 2 C. A.Gibson attempted to answer Raffles Professor of History Wong Lin Ken claim that â€Å"no historian has yet adequately explained why Singapore failed to be a major trading centre before the nineteenth century in Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 3 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p32 4 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p52 5 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p74 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p74 7 De Coutre’s Proposal for a fort on Singapore and Sentosa, c. 1625 (A/Prof Peter Borschberg’s website at www. borschberg. g) 8 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p77 9 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p78 10 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p79 12 from Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts, p135 13 John Crawfurd recorded that Raffles â€Å"touched at Singapore to make enquires, and then for the first time, the advantage and superiority of its locality presented themselves† in Kwa Chong Guan, â€Å"From Temasik to Singapore: Locating a Global City State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History† in Miksic, John & Low, Cheryl-Ann (eds) Early Singapore 1300s to 1819: Evidence in Maps, Texts and Artefacts 14 11 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p80 15 Prof Kwa Choon Guan’s lecture 3 notes, slide 4 6 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p55, recording an anecdote of Suma Oriental 17 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, 56-57 18 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p57-59 19 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p59 20 Eurasian engineer and explorer manuel godinho d’Eredia’s report, Declaracam de Malaca e India Meridional com o Cathay â€Å"Chorographic Description of the Straits of â€Å"Sincapure and Sabbam’ in 1604 marked a xabandaria at the south coast of Singapore 21 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng an d Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61 22 Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p73 23Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong (2009) Singapore: A 700-Year History, From Early Emporium to World City, p61

Critical Analysis Paper: BlackBerry Essay

According to the article â€Å"BlackBerry Posts Loss as Phones Go Unsold†, BlackBerry performs a poor performance. Business has a quarterly loss in 2013 for $965 million. The revenue had drop 45% that down to $1.57 billion from $2.86 billion compares with a year earlier. BlackBerry lost $248 million, or 47 cents a share, and analysts forecast 49 cents a share loss for the quarter ended August 31. The net loss is $235 million which excluding inventory charge and restructuring charges in the latest quarter. The cash position also down to $2.6 billion from $3.1 billion at quarter-end. Smartphone maker report a hefty operating loss of nearly $1 billion charge on inventory of unsold phones. Fairfax Financial Holdings to take the company private for about $4.7 billion, or $9 a share. As a former mobile king, BlackBerry faces to exit the handset business. This report will conduct a situation analysis of potential causes of declining sales and profits of Black Berry. And also would id entify internal company and external environment for the poor performance. See more: analytical writing A particular reason of the sales declining is BlackBerry cannot satisfy enough to the market and product demand for customers. Sales declining imply to revenues declining. BlackBerry recognized most phone’s revenue is from the older models, which means the new phones are not much attract to customers. Ian Austen (2013) noted that BlackBerry could soon be leaving the business of making phones—leaving fewer options for a vocal minority still committed to phones with its once popular physical keyboard. (para. 1) BlackBerry usually produces the keyboard models, but with people’s pursuit on phone, most smartphone users prefer to use touch-screen models instead of the physical keyboards. Keyboard was one of a special characteristic of BlackBerry, eventually, that become an obstacle for its evolution. The reason of revenue declining of BlackBerry is it has a lower market share. BlackBerry has not change their product style and business strategy while customers are seeking the new products constantly, market share would  be affected and would cause revenue going down. Joseph Palenchar (2013) noted that â€Å"the old days saw BlackBerry’s market share in global smartphone shipments peak in 2009 at 20% and fall to 5% in 2012, marking the company’s lowest level since 2003.† (para. 3) â€Å"Increase the chances that BlackBerry can regain some of its lost market share during the make-or-break year of 2013† (para. 9) Revenue is declining because the market is becoming smaller. With Apple, Samsung’s products are growing deeply in customers’ impression, BlackBerry is standing in the behind position compare with those two brands. BlackBerry is not enough strong to attract those Apple and Samsung’s customers to choose its products even they produce the new products. A poor financial performance reflects BlackBerry Company is going down. In the article of â€Å"Company Overview†, the author stated a SWOT analysis of BlackBerry. In the weaknesses of company, the author described the revenues decreased primarily due to lower shipment volumes and lower average selling prices of hardware products. The company’s revenues declined from $19,907 million in FY2011 to $11,073 million in FY 2013. (p.6) Continuous decline impacts the company’s profits and margins. In 2013, RIM recorded the operating loss of $1,235 million compared with operation profit of $1,497 million and $4,636 million in 2012 and 2011. It also suffers a decline in the cash position which from $4,009 million in 2011 to $2,303 in 2013. Substitutes and competitive also are the factors that affect BlackBerry suffer in this situation. The lower revenues will decrease market share so that to increase the competition. BlackBerry lack of innovation; however, its competitors of smartphone company such as Apple, Samsung, HTC, Microsoft, etc. are rapidly evolving. Most of them have larger customer bases, greater financial, sales and distribution than BlackBerry. As consumers, under an available circumstance of selecting, they prefer a product with innovation, creative, and satisfaction. Competitive pressure impact the company’s growth and market share. Fairfax Financial Holdings is going to take the company private, but still won’t solve the company’s problems. BlackBerry still insist their employees of the same smartphones and tablets that use at home. It is losing in the  consumer arena. Therefore, even though investors take it private, BlackBerry’s revenue still would not be changed because it did not change its operation of business. The most primary reason for the company’s poor performance is BlackBerry lack of innovation. Because of BlackBerry did not change its strategy in order to satisfy customer’s demand for the smartphone, the product sales and revenues are going down. Also, the lower market share and the higher competition would impact BlackBerry’s profit and margin. Bibliography: Connors, W. (2013). Blackberry posts loss as phones go unsold. Austen, I. (2013). Blackberry’s future in doubt, keyboard lovers bemoan their own. Palenchar, J. (2013). Analysts: Blackberry facing tough battle. (2013). Company overview.

Density of Liquids Lab Report Paper Essay Example

Density of Liquids Lab Report Paper Essay Example Density of Liquids Lab Report Paper Paper Density of Liquids Lab Report Paper Paper There are significant overlaps, however. The following are some observations about the numerical values of densities that should prove useful in problem solving situations. Solid densities: from about 0. 2 g/cam to 20 g/cam. Liquid densities: from about 0. 5 g/ml to 3-4 g/ml. Gas densities: mostly in the range of a few grams per liter. In general, densities of liquids are known more precisely than those of solids. Also, densities of elements and compounds are known more precisely than densities of materials with variable compositions (such as wood or robber). An important consequence of the differing densities of solids and liquids is that squids and solids of lower density will float on a liquid of higher density (so long as the liquids and solids do not form solutions with each other). MATERIALS: We used these materials in the experiment. Graduated cylinder Distilled water Thermometer Nasal solutions with different concentrations (4, 8, 12, 16% Nasal by weight. ) Unknown solution (LU) Beakers PROCEDURE: The mass of the empty graduated cylinder was measured and the mass was written. 20 ml. Distilled water was added into the cylinder. Graduated cylinder and distilled water were measured and was written. The temperature of the water was made note. The density of the water that we had known its mass and volume. Was calculated. After finish this part. We were started second part. We were added Niacin solutions (their concentrations; 4, 8, 12, 16 %) one by one. The masses of the solutions were determined and were made note respectively. The densities of the Nasal solutions were calculated. And then a sample of Nasal solution, which we didnt know its concentration, was added to the empty graduated cylinder. Mass of the unknown solution (LU) was found. Finally Density of the unknown solution was calculated. RESULTS (DATA): a) Density of water; Temperature of water: 24 CO Mass of graduated cylinder (ml ) : 29,95 g Volume of water: 20 ml. Mass of water + graduated cylinder: 49,90 g Mass of water: 19,egg Density- 0,9975 g/ml Formula of Percent Error: I EVE T. V. = Theoretical value. E. V. = Experimental value. Percent Error: ( 10,9964- 0,99751 / b) Density of solutions: Volume of solution: 20 ml 4% concentration 1,048 g,ml 8% concentration 1,061 5 g/ml 12% concentration 1,076 worn 16% concentration 0 g/ml Unknown concentration (LU ): 1,0325 g/ml DISCUSSION: In this Experiment, We were learned how can we find the density of the liquids, by using the formula. But we found different results some of them. For example density of water is 0,egg/ml at ICC temperature but we found 0,9975 g/ml I think that change may be, temperature wasnt determined well or we washed the graduated cylinder with distilled water and we didnt dry well. So that these factors changed the results. On the other hand, If we had taken 30 ml water instead of 20 ml of water. The density would have been same.

101 The Conversation and They Say Professor Ramos Blog

101 The Conversation and They Say The Conversation Quick Write What is the difference between writing in high school and writing in college? The Conversation We have already learned two important concepts: Literacy Writing Process The third concept is the metaphor of the conversation. What we are studying now, has a long history. People have been writing and researching everything you can think of. For example, the conversation on how to speak well goes back a couple thousand years to Aristotle, Plato, and others that came before. How does this relate to writing? Everything you will write about from now on, needs to be based in a conversation. A scholarly one, a scientific one, a popular one. To know what has been said before, you need to read and research. Why does this matter? Burke’s â€Å"Unending Conversation† Metaphor Kenneth Burke writes: Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come late. When you arrive, others have long preceded you, and they are engaged in a heated discussion, a discussion too heated for them to pause and tell you exactly what it is about. In fact, the discussion had already begun long before any of them got there, so that no one present is qualified to retrace for you all the steps that had gone before. You listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers; you answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the embarrassment or gratification of your opponent, depending upon the quality of your ally’s assistance. However, the discussion is interminable. The hour grows late, you must depart. And you do depart, with the discussion still vigorously in progress. Journals Journals from now on should begin with a summary of the reading. Pick a point or topic to summarize. Chapter 2, which we are reading for next class, explains how to summarize and gives so tips. After reading chapter 2, summarize the reading Cullington, Does Texting Affect Writing? Sample Literacy Narratives Rediscovering Reading Protect Yourself at All Times â€Å"They Say† Chapter 1 argues that good academic writing responds to what others are saying. What â€Å"They Say† is important to include in academic writing and is one way we can include the conversation when we write. The chapter includes templates for introducing standard views, implied or assumed and ongoing debates. Why do you think this is important? Entering the Conversation The introduction to the textbook, page 1, explains that the book relies on templates to help us do the basic moves of writing. The templates are guides that when used help us to structure and generate our own writing. We will talk a lot about approaches to writing and how to think about writing, as well as use the templates provided to help us practice the principles of writing. State your own ideas as a response to others. You are just entering a conversation that has been going on for thousands of years. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to begin to understand what others have said before and how to find it. To argue means more than just stating your own position. To argue you need to enter into a conversation with others views. Then you can try to convince others of your position or just to see your position as valid. Where does Carr include the conversation in his article? Nicholas Carr Is Google making us Stupid? Carr argues that the internet affects our cognitive capacities, diminishing out ability to concentrate and to learn. Take two minutes and write something to share with the class. Why does Carr begin with lines from  2001: A Space Odyssey? Literacy Moment You should begin to narrow down the literacy you are interested in writing about. To get us thinking about that literacy, pick a scene related to it from your past experience. It can be in the car with your dad, it can be sitting on your mom’s lap reading a book, etc. Pick one scene and draw it out on a piece of paper. Use the full page, add as much detail as you can remember. Share your drawing with a neighbor. Tell them about the moment and the literacy. What you just shared with your neighbor, write it down. Keep it short, one to two paragraphs. Quick Write In your own words, what is the Conversation? Homework Chapter 2 (â€Å"Her Point Is†: The Art of Summarizing) MICHAELA CULLINGTON â€Å"Does Texting Affect Writing?†Ã‚  p. 462  JOURNAL 2 Bullying is unwanted and aggressive behavior that involves an imbalance of power and is repeated. There are three characteristics to bullying: unwanted and aggressive behavior an imbalance of power and is repeated.101 The Conversation and They Say The Conversation Quick Write What is the difference between writing in high school and writing in college? The Conversation We have already learned two important concepts: Literacy Writing Process The third concept is the metaphor of the conversation. What we are studying now, has a long history. People have been writing and researching everything you can think of. For example, the conversation on how to speak well goes back a couple thousand years to Aristotle, Plato, and others that came before. How does this relate to writing? Everything you will write about from now on, needs to be based in a conversation. A scholarly one, a scientific one, a popular one. To know what has been said before, you need to read and research. Why does this matter? Burke’s â€Å"Unending Conversation† Metaphor Kenneth Burke writes: Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come late. When you arrive, others have long preceded you, and they are engaged in a heated discussion, a discussion too heated for them to pause and tell you exactly what it is about. In fact, the discussion had already begun long before any of them got there, so that no one present is qualified to retrace for you all the steps that had gone before. You listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers; you answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the embarrassment or gratification of your opponent, depending upon the quality of your ally’s assistance. However, the discussion is interminable. The hour grows late, you must depart. And you do depart, with the discussion still vigorously in progress. Journals Journals from now on should begin with a summary of the reading. Pick a point or topic to summarize. Chapter 2, which we are reading for next week, explains how to summarize and gives some tips. After reading chapter 2, summarize the reading. Sample Literacy Narratives Rediscovering Reading Protect Yourself at All Times â€Å"They Say† Chapter 1 argues that good academic writing responds to what others are saying. What â€Å"They Say† is important to include in academic writing and is one way we can include the conversation when we write. The chapter includes templates for introducing standard views, implied or assumed and ongoing debates. Why do you think this is important? Entering the Conversation The introduction to the textbook, page 1, explains that the book relies on templates to help us do the basic moves of writing. The templates are guides that when used help us to structure and generate our own writing. We will talk a lot about approaches to writing and how to think about writing, as well as use the templates provided to help us practice the principles of writing. State your own ideas as a response to others. You are just entering a conversation that has been going on for thousands of years. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to begin to understand what others have said before and how to find it. To argue means more than just stating your own position. To argue you need to enter into a conversation with others views. Then you can try to convince others of your position or just to see your position as valid. Where does Carr include the conversation in his article? Nicholas Carr Is Google making us Stupid? Carr argues that the internet affects our cognitive capacities, diminishing out ability to concentrate and to learn. Take two minutes and write something to share with the class. Why does Carr begin with lines from  2001: A Space Odyssey? Literacy Moment You should begin to narrow down the literacy you are interested in writing about. To get us thinking about that literacy, pick a scene related to it from your past experience. It can be in the car with your dad, it can be sitting on your mom’s lap reading a book, etc. Pick one scene and draw it out on a piece of paper. Use the full page, add as much detail as you can remember. Share your drawing with a neighbor. Tell them about the moment and the literacy. What you just shared with your neighbor, write it down. Keep it short, one to two paragraphs. Quick Write In your own words, what is the Conversation? Bullying is unwanted and aggressive behavior that involves an imbalance of power and is repeated. There are three characteristics to bullying: unwanted and aggressive behavior an imbalance of power and is repeated.

Producing creative solutions to business problems Assignment

Producing creative solutions to business problems - Assignment Example It can be observed that majority of the problems leading to high turnover stem from lack of motivation. Repetitive tasks, low wages, lack of appraisal and low opportunity for growth reduce employee motivation. Staff therefore quit their jobs and move to other organizations that pay and reward them well. High turnover indicates that the organization is facing challenges with human resource management, more specifically, with employee retention. Therefore the solution to the problem will focus on designing new rewards and compensation schemes, training and development programs, and task design, which will aim at improving motivation and enhancing job satisfaction. It is suggested that managers motivate their staff by encouraging them, understanding their social needs, and acknowledging their efforts (Stoner, Robbins, Chaturvedi, Coulter, Hitt, and Manjunath, 2011). A rewards system is a great way to acknowledge an employee’s efforts. A ‘pay for performance’ model of compensation should be implemented based on which employees with higher performance will get higher rewards. The staff will be motivated to work more productively and this will increase the overall performance of the organization. At the same time, annual performance evaluation should be carried out each year. The evaluation will help in the identification of high performing employees as well as those whose performance has been below satisfactory. This way the organization can reduce its low performing staff and save its cost which can be invested back in the company. The performance evaluation will be followed by bonuses that will reward high performing staff for their efforts and performance. The distribution of bonuses will occur according to a pre-planned tier system that will highlight various performance levels with a certain bonus reward. Additionally, employees who perform very well will have chances

Evaluation of a Patient Education Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluation of a Patient Education Tool - Essay Example This is an example of a patient education handout useful to nurses and other health care professionals. The source of the patient education handout is the PERC (Patient Education Reference Center) from EBSCO publishing. The heart attack patient handout is an online tutorial suitable for the educational needs of all people (Freda, 2002). The heart attack patient handout has been designed into several sections and sub-sections with each of the sections presenting clear and concise content about heart attacks. The handout presents the definition of a heart attack, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. These sections and the relevant sub-sections are well explained in a brief and easy to understand format. The handout is appropriate for adults in general including heart attack patients, nurses and other health care professionals and any other person seeking preventive measures for heart attacks. The heart attack patient handout has been written using the 7t h grade reading level. Though the readability level of the heart attack patient handout may be high compared to other printable sources with less detail like pamphlets or fact sheets; the handout is easy to navigate because of its brief nature. The ease of reading in this particular handout is also boosted with the use of step-by-step instructions and medical instructions (Holly & sharp, 2013). As an educational tool, the heart attack patient handout can be said to be culturally appropriate. The main reason being that it provides evidence-based patient handouts that can be customized, printed and given to a patient by nurses and health care professionals. PERC handouts provide readability ease such as medical illustrations and are available in multiple languages. Therefore, these handouts are suitable for use in several cultural contexts because they are customizable and available in multiple languages. The most exciting thing about the heart attack education handout is the simple, concise and easily understandable way of its content. The handout is easy to read, has clear illustrations and step-by-step instructions about a heart attack. It’s a complete and simple guide for a heart attack patient and for any other individual seeking information relating to heart conditions. It also points out the need to schedule and attend periodic with medical providers or cardiac specialists. That is why it is provided as a supplement of face-to-face teaching and care by health care professionals. One of the advantages of using patient handouts is the fact that it enables nurses and other medical care professionals provide high quality care. Patients and any other person seeking information on heart attacks are able to access patient handouts which are evidence-based and cover all aspects of heart attacks. In addition, they also cover failures including prevention, procedures, discharge instructions, drug information among other useful information. Therefore, the hea rt attack patient handout is a very effective educational tool for a more general audience. On the other hand, there are also disadvantages of using patient handouts for educational purposes. For instance, a patient may not be interested or bother to refer to the handout. Patient handouts are designed for use by health professionals for patient

How do affect and emotions influence decision making processes and how Essay

How do affect and emotions influence decision making processes and how might this in turn influence the design of a specified in - Essay Example If the situation is dangerous or bad, the brain induces a negative action to counter the bad feeling. Visceral level of the brain is captured by high arousal or increased adrenaline rush that is associated with danger. To most people visceral levels dominates reflective level of the brain. A behavioral level of the brain is concerned with daily behavior of an individual and is often unconscious. It is associated with effectiveness and pleasure of doing or using something. This level of the brain can be enhanced or inhibited by the reflective layer of the brain but it can influence the visceral level. The third level of the brain is reflective level. Reflective level is contemplative and concerns itself with rationalization and intellectualization. It does not control the behavior directly because it does not have direct access to sensory input. It controls behavior indirectly by influencing the behavioral level of the brain and competes with visceral level. Affect and emotions are cr itical in decision making. This is because they influence decision making process in various ways. People make decision based on both immediate and expected emotions. First, immediate emotions affect decision on the basis of good or bad experiences at that particular time when decisions are made. Immediate emotions are affective and affect decision making directly or indirectly. Decision making can be influenced directly as they are made. For example, if a person feel fearful at a time when he or she makes decision concerning his treatment approach, he or she is likely to choose a less risky treatment approach even if the most risky option has better results. Emotions can also affect decision made indirectly by changing desirability or probability expectations of an anticipated future result. For example when a patient is feeling happy, he or she is likely to choose a riskier treatment option that has better future outcome as compared with the less risky outcome with poor future out come (Kattan and Cowen, 2009). Immediate emotions are considered affect program emotions. They disrupt current actions and cognitive inputs making a person to alter his or her actions. Immediate emotions that influence decision making are categorized into negative and positive emotions. Negative emotions include anger, hate, anxiety, fear, worry and stress. Negative emotions make a person feel out of control. If a person has negative emotions, he or she is likely to make pessimistic, radical and aggressive decisions. Positive emotions include happiness, love, kindness and security. A person with positive emotions is more likely to make optimistic, cooperative and mild decisions. Immediate emotions change outcome or probability perceptions as well as the quantity and quality of processing relevant facts and signs for decisions. Secondly, expected emotions influence decision making. The emotional outcomes associated with a given decision affect decision making process. Often, people s elect actions that minimize negative emotions and maximize positive emotions. For example, a patient suffering from prostrate cancer may choose radiation treatment over surgical treatment because surgical treatment is likely to make him impotent. How it influence the design of specified interactive media production First, knowledge is embedded on human emotion, motivation and cognition space. As a result, the knowledge that is embedded in human emotion dictates persons’