D1D1- Evaluate the Impact of Organisations in Improving...

D1- Evaluate the impact of organisations in improving Human Health. In this section of the assignment I will be evaluating the impact of organisations in improving Human Health The council has put in place the recycling program, to try reduce and improve human health. The programme has managed to tackle landfills from being full with rubbish that can cause the air to pollute, causing severe damage to human health. The recycling program has had a positive impact on human health, less pollution in the air means people get to live a longer and healthier life because , environmental factors such as pollution is not causing so much damage to the air and environment. A reduction in landfill causes our health to become better as there is†¦show more content†¦The national government put in place the 5p Plastic bag charge, to try to and improve human health. This law has been very beneficial for human health. It is known that plastic bags take over 500 years to break down in landfills and as a result of that these landfills can cause air pollution and land pollution, which can effect individual’s repository system and other illnesses. By having this law in place landfills are not filled up with so much plastic bag rubbish and as a result can be helping improve human health. More reusable bags. As the result of the 5p bag charge it has helped and linked in with recycling, people re using the bags because they want to avoid the 5p charge have helped with recycling , and recycling helps to improve human health as it helps the reduction of rubbish going in to landfills. However there are negative impacts that the 5p charge carries. Many people do not want to get charged for the 5p bag therefore they, would rather just carry their shopping, in either the shopping basket or D2- Compare the effectiveness of organisational approaches to a national or international approaches to a national or international environment health issues. In this assignment I will be comparing the effectiveness of 3 organisational approaches to national or international environmental health issue. International: United Nation has introduced the Agenda 21 to local governments to deal

The Effects Of Police Brutality On Minority Communities

The Effects of Police Brutality on Minority Communities Police brutality thrives in the inner city regions where minority communities live and work. Police brutality is a crime punishable by law and is often instigated by law enforcement officers who are either racially biased or prone to authority abuse and violent (re)actions. Allegations abound concerning police brutality with police officers using unnecessary or excessive force, committing battery, conducting illegal body searches and bullying. Minority communities suffer most from the effects of police brutality because they have the least power and face detrimental consequences from law enforcement authorities. The antagonism between minority communities and law enforcement agencies†¦show more content†¦In all these cities, minority populations actually comprise the majority where Blacks and Hispanics rank high among these inner city inhabitants. At the same time, the inner city is the nesting ground for criminal elements. Based on multiple surveys, inner city neighborhoods breed the most crime than any other area. As a result, law enforcement officers regularly patrol the inner city and target lower-class urban dwellers. The tough approach on crime in the cities is a backlash resulting from the spiraling crime concentrated in poorer colonies of racial minorities. The illegal drug trade, firearms trade and gangsterism that prevail in the inner city are some reasons that legitimize the police’s systematic clamping down on minority inner city residents. â€Å"Police brutality, especially towards members of ethnic minorities, is widespread and severe, resulting in death in many cases. Although it is probably not ...due to official policy, it is undoubtedly able to occur so frequently because it is officially tolerated† (Sparks 1994). The police system conscientiously protects fellow officers from public prosecution as brutal police officers end up with reduced sentences and slighter penalties. In the classic Chad Holley case of March 2010, in which six officers of the Houston Police Department, kicked and beat to a pulp a fifteen year old juvenileShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Police Brutality On The Relationship1243 Words   |  5 Pages Bad Blood: The Effects of Police Brutality on the Relationship Between Minorities and the Police Brandon Seigle June 16, 2017 CRJS 498 NC AT University ..................Column Break..................As children we are taught that not only are police officers our friends, but that their job is to protect and serve our communities. Unfortunately, for many minorities this image is shattered as incident after incident occurs in the streets of their communities. With today’s technology, theseRead MorePolice Brutality Is Very Today s Society866 Words   |  4 PagesPolice brutality is extremely prevalent in today’s society. 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These effects include notRead MorePolice Brutality Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is one of multiple forms of racial discrimination which involves unjustifiable violence by police officers. This term was first referred to in the works of the American press as early as 1872 in a report of a policeman beating of a civilian. These targeted civilian groups by police officers typically are those from powerless groups like minorities (Latinos and African-Americans), the youth, as well as the poor. T here has been a notable lack of commitment in the criminal justice systemRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1630 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality is an ongoing problem and existent concern in the United States and should be resolved immediately. Law enforcement must function as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. The presence of police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. The problem posed by the illegal exercise of police power is an ongoing reality for individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation. Police brutality must be stopped so that police do not forgetRead MorePolice Brutality Within The African American Community1265 Words   |  6 PagesAsad Bidiwala RHE 306 August 13, 2015 Police Brutality within the African-American Community The specific audience of my argumentation is the racially ignorant white populations that refuse to acknowledge the idea that police brutality towards the African-American race is evident amongst our society. The racially ignorant white population assumes that police brutality is used as a defense mechanism rather than an appeal to racism towards African-Americans. This hostile audience becomes uncomfortableRead MoreEssay 21110 Words   |  5 PagesApril 29, 2015 Professor Christian Heisler ENG-103(Argument Essay) Police Brutality has become a serious topic in today’s time being that every time you turn on the TV you see them mention another act of violence from the police and since that were in 2015, cellphone cameras are being used to capture every single second of it, so it won’t become he say, she say evidence. According to Salem Press Encyclopedia, police brutality is abuses of authority that amount to serious and divisive human rightsRead MorePolice Influence on Society822 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Police Influence on Society Police Influence on Society 1 The relationship between police and minority societies has always been a difficult one with many issues. Before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s African Americans were treated brutally by the police in the United States. African Americans along with other minority groups were often abused by police. Minorities were viewed to have no rights and this treatment was commonplace. This brutal treatmentRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effect On Society1610 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality in the USA Police brutality has adverse effects on society in its entirety and, hence, there is need to stop these acts so as to improve cohesiveness and the observation of the law in society. Police brutality is an old problem that has been around in this country for many years. Unfortunately, civilians have experienced it in their thousands, suffering varying degrees of damages, ranging from injuries or even loss of their lives at the hands of the brutal police. Even more dishearteningRead MoreThe Effects Of Police Brutality On Public Space Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesThomas 20 September 2016 The Effects of Police Brutality on Public Space For decades our country has witnessed many cases of police brutality, which has become a controversial topic among communities and in the media. Police Officers are faced with threatening situations daily that could cost them their life, forcing them to make quick decisions, expecting the worst and hoping for the best. It is evident that there is a tremendous amount of expectations placed on our police enforcement. Although conducted

Jungle Paper, Social Justice - 4076 Words

Running Head: IMPRESSIONS OF THE JUNGLE FROM A SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE Impressions of the Jungle From a Social Justice Perspective The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Sherree Boyce Lehman College Author Note This paper was prepared for Social Welfare Institutions and Program, SWK, 639, Section 81, taught by Professor Yvonne Johnson The novel, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair depicts the lives of poor immigrants in the United States during the early 1900’s. Sinclair is extremely effective in this novel at identifying and expressing the perils and social concerns of immigrants during this era. The turmoil that immigrants faced was contingent on societal values during the era. There was a Social Darwinist sentiment†¦show more content†¦The next level would include safety needs, personal and financial security health and well being. As you move up the pyramid the needs increase to love and belonging, self –esteem and the highest level would include self-actualization, reaching one’s full potential. The theory is that you can not reach the highest level without first obtaining the basics. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs, 10/20/10) The Jungle both supports and refutes this theory. It supports it, considering that Jurgis’ family could not progress because their main focus was survival, food, clothing shelter. However, Jurgis reaches the highest level of self actualization during a period where his basic needs are not meet, when he decides to join the political party of Socialism. It is not until he joins this party that Jurgis understands his purpose. Jurgis and his family would have greatly benefited from many of the social services, policies /programs available today including child abuse and child labor laws, social insurance programs, worker’s compensation, free and subsidized medical insurance, social security insurance and institutions /programs such as shelters, Human Resource Administration and soup kitchens. Child Abuse, Neglect, Maltreatment Laws: A great majority of the poor immigrant was neglected in the town of Packingtown, Chicago. 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In here, I believe that the Environmental Justice will be achieved if the government concern more into the welfare of the societyRead MoreMuckrakers in the Progressive Era2521 Words   |  11 Pagesconcentration, corporate power, poverty, food safety, and political corruption.   Extraordinary muckrakers are Jane Addams, Carrie Chapman Catt, Upton Sinclair, Alice Paul, and Edwin Markham. 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Corporation Business and Corporation Law

Question: Discuss about the case study Corporation for Business and Corporation Law. Answer: Introduction: According to law, a contract or agreement between individuals in which either of the parties can lawfully compel the performance of the other is known as enforceable agreement (Alan Robert, 2003; p. 25). This means that the agreement or contract carries the force of law behind it. The courts can also become involved in enforcing contracts, with the inclusion of having a portion declared void. In the situation presented, Jane has simply made Jack an offer without stating a price limit of how much it should sell for. Therefore, the contract is rather open and it is Jack who is to decide whether or not to accept the offer. Moreover, he is not obliged by law to fulfill the particulars of this contract or act upon it. Application/Analysis Jane has made an offer to give her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack. She has not stated any price in terms of how much the car should go for. However, Jane has only stated the market value of this type of car in good condition. Given these facts, this type of agreement or contract is an unenforceable one even though it is still considered valid. Therefore, a legal entity cannot compel one or both parties to act on it or fulfill its terms and conditions since there is a public policy or statute making it unenforceable (Leigh, 2001; p. 74). Jane may not succeed in selling her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack especially if Jack finds the offer unfavorable. Moreover, Jack is not legally liable to fulfill the terms and conditions of this particular agreement because it is only the market value which has been stated. On the other hand, Jack may counteroffer this offer by offering a lower price than the $25,000 for the sports car since he has already accepted it. Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $25,000. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25,000. Jack accepts. Issue The issue here is whether or not an enforceable agreement is present when Jack accepts the offer. Rules As already indicated, an enforceable agreement is that which either parties can lawfully induce the performance of the other. In this case, there is an enforceable agreement because Jane has not only offered a selling value for her Lotus Super 7 sports car, but has also indicated the market value for this type of vehicle in good condition. In addition, Jack has accepted to fulfill the terms of this agreement. This means that he has been legally obliged to act on the contract, lest he be held liable for breach of contract. Application/Analysis Jane made an offer for her Lotus Super 7 sports car at $25,000. Notably, this price is similar to the market value of the vehicle in good condition. Jack has accepted the offer. One may conclude that the vehicle was in good condition because of the similarity in prices. Therefore, Jane would get value for her sports car and would not go at a loss. Conclusion Given the fact that this particular contract is enforceable, Jack would be held liable for breach of contract if he fails to honor its terms. Jane is also offering the vehicle in good condition and this is perhaps the reason why Jack has accepted the offer. Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $2,500. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25,000. Jack accepts. Issue The issue here is whether or not an enforceable agreement is present when Jack accepts the offer. Rules In this case, the contract is enforceable. Jane has offered to sell her Lotus Super 7 sports car at a much lower value than its market price. This is an attractive price for any potential buyer. However, a contract or agreement, oral or written, may be difficult to enforce unless the terms therein can be evidenced or are admitted by the parties involved (Mather, 1999; p. 76). Once Jane has accepted payment or Jack has accepted delivery of the sports car covered by the oral contract, it makes the agreement valid even in a court of law. Application/Analysis Jane has offered to sell her vehicle to Jack at a lower price than that of its market value. Jack has accepted, making the contract valid. Looking at these facts, the parties involved are not only competent individuals who have the lawful capacity to contract, but have also agreed to the terms laid therein. There is also mutuality of obligation. Notably, Jack has apparently made a counteroffer and received a lower price than the vehicles market value. Jane has accepted the counteroffer and is willing to fulfill the terms of the contract. Conclusion If this was a court case, Jack would not prevail because he has already accepted the offer made particularly after making the counteroffer. It may be assumed that the vehicle is not in good condition and thus cannot be offered at its market value. This means that Jack has accepted to receive the Lotus Super 7 sports car at the value being offered by Jane, and will make the necessary repairs or alterations himself. Failure to pay for the vehicle may result in a legal suit. A shipbuilder had contracted to build a tanker for North Ocean Tankers. The contract was in US dollars and didnt contain any provisions for currency fluctuations. Approximately halfway through construction of the ship, the United States devalued its currency by 10%. As the shipbuilder stood to make a loss on the contract, it demanded that an extra US$3 million be paid or it would stop working. The buyer reluctantly agreed under protest to pay, as he already had a charter for the tanker and it was essential that it be delivered on time. The buyer didnt commence action to recover the excess payment until some nine months after deliver. Will the buyer succeed in recovering the excess? Issue The issue here is whether or not the buyer will succeed in recovering the excess. Rules In the case presented, the buyer will not succeed in recovering the excess payment because it is considered to be void. A contract made not more than nine months or 180 days before the judgment against the buyer became uncollectible between the buyer and shipbuilder in which the former had a financial interest. If the tanker has experienced normal wear and tear, then the buyer shall be liable to the shipbuilder for the full amount the former paid for the contract (Beaston, n.d.; p. 43). Otherwise, the buyer shall only be liable to the shipbuilder for the market value of the tanker. From what can be deduced in the case presented, the contract did not include any provisions regarding currency fluctuations. An unexpected incident which was the devaluing of the currency by 10% was observed. This meant that the shipbuilder would incur losses on the initial contract. A contract between the shipbuilder and the buyer pursuant to which the latter has paid or agreed to pay the money to the for mer, and where the shipbuilder has not yet carried out the obligations under the contract, makes this effort uncollectable. The buyer in this case reluctantly agreed to pay for the loss incurred by the buyer following the currency devaluation. However, he did not proceed to recover the excess payment until some one hundred and eighty days after delivery. Application/Analysis The facts of the case are that a shipbuilder had contracted to build a tanker. In the agreement, there were no provisions with respect to currency fluctuations. Nevertheless, a fluctuation did take place and the shipbuilder refused to continue working on the tanker until he was paid an extra amount of money. Legal contracts or agreements seeking to offer clarity and certainty for parties involved require that certain components be agreed upon before being lawfully enforceable. These elements include parties, property, and price. The additional payment for the loss incurred was not included in the original contract and therefore meant that it would be determined by the purchasers word-of-mouth or promise (Slawson, n.d.; p. 90). There was no wholly acceptable price or provisions for currency fluctuations in the contract. Moreover, there was no objective mechanism laid out in case of such incidents while the shipbuilder was building the tanker. The buyer was coerced into making the extr a payment because he/she had a deadline to beat. Notably, he pursued the recovery of the excess payment nine months after the tanker had been delivered to him. According to the law, despite the misunderstanding in between the fulfillment of the contract terms, the shipbuilder managed to complete the construction of the tanker and deliver it on time. He did not breach the contract. However, the buyer was late in pursuing this particular issue and thus rendered the recovery of the excess amount void. The buyer had an opportunity to cancel the contract with the shipbuilder when the currency fluctuated, but he did not. By law, when the shipbuilder communicated his disinterest in continuing to build the tanker for the buyer, he was indirectly breaching the contract. But since the buyer was willing to reluctantly cater for the loss incurred, the contract was not terminated (Bakan, 2004; p. 45). Notably, failure by the shipbuilder to carry out the obligation to provide the buyer with the necessary conditions within the time established by the contract and lack of proof of readiness of the tanker for shipment, constitute the shipbuilders failure to perform as per the contract. This condition is admitted as reasonable claim for the recovery of excess payment made by the buyer and the penalty founded on that payment. Conclusion Looking at the case presented, it has been established that the buyer will not succeed in recovering the excess payment. If this was a court case, it would be found that the shipbuilder has no case to answer and is not liable for anything. The fact of the matter is that the buyer made an effort to recover the excess nine months after delivery of the tanker. This means that the agreement of the contract had already been fulfilled despite the brief misunderstanding following the currency fluctuation. The shipbuilder did not breach the initial contract despite there being no knowledge of future occurrences. For recovery of excess payment in a contract to take place, there needs to be a number of conditions for instance the pursuance is made prior to the nine months deadline. Recovery can also be made if the contract was breached, and only partial fulfillment of the original contract was completed. The buyer can also be successful in recovery of payment if he/she had opted to terminate o r cancel the initial contract at the point when the shipbuilder requested for additional payment following the currency fluctuation (Muchlinski, 2007; p. 77). Recovery of excess payment would be made possible if this payment was made under fraudulent circumstances. However, the shipbuilder was quite clear about his condition despite the fact that the terms of the contract had not yet been fulfilled. The initial contract was binding and considered valid. Therefore, any payment that would be made in the course of the contract period would also be considered lawful. Moreover, the factors necessary for a contract to be considered valid or legal were present, for instance consent, acceptance, offer, consideration, contractual terms, and capacity (Seidl-Hohenveldern, n.d.; p. 97). When changes were made in the course of fulfilling the contract, the buyer did not refuse to pay the extra charges. There was no fraud, carelessness, favoritism, collusion, or misrepresentation in this particular case. That is why the buyer will not be able to recover the excess. References Alan, S., and Robert, S, E., 2003. Contract Theory and the Limits of Contract Law. The Yale Law Journal, 113(3). Alan, S., and Robert, S, E., 2010. Contract Interpretation Redux. The Yale Law Journal, 119(5). Andrew, R., 2005. The Limits of Voluntariness in Contract. Melbourne University Law Review, 29(1). Bakan, J., 2004. The corporation: The pathological pursuit of profit and power, New York: Free Press. Beaston, J. E. ., and Friedman, D. E., n.d. Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law. USA: Claredon Press. Buckley, F, H., 2005. Just Exchange: A Theory of Contracts. London: Routledge. DiMatteo, L, A., n.d. Contract Theory: The Evolution of Contractual Agreement. USA: Michigan State University Press. Kreither, R., 2007. Calculating Promises: The Emergence of Modern American Contract Doctrine. USA: Stanford University Press. Leigh, B., 2001. Freedom of or Freedom from? The Enforceability of Contracts and the Integrity of the LLC. Duke Law Journal, 50(4). Mather, H., 1999. Contract Law and Morality. Westport, C,T: Greenwood Press. Muchlinski, P., 2007. Multinational enterprises and the law. 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Omri, B-S., and Bernstain, L., 2000. The Secrecy Interest in Contract Law. The Yale Law Journal, 109(8). Posner, E, A., 2003. Economic Analysis of Contract Law after Three Decades: Success or Failure? The Yale Law Journal, 112(4). Randin, M, J., 2012. Bipolerate: The Fine Print, Vanishing Rights, and the Rule of Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Seidl-Hohenveldern, I., n.d. Corporations in and under international law, Cambridge, UK: Grotius. Slawson, D., n.d. Binding Promises: The Late 20th Century Reformation of Contract Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.